Anti-backlash nut having longitudinal flexural members with ramps thereon and means to apply an axial pre-load force to said ramps

ABSTRACT

An anti-backlash nut having one or more longitudinal flexural members with one end fixed and one end free-floating is disclosed which undergoes translational movement along a shaft. This anti-backlash nut is improved by providing ramps at the free-floating ends of the flexural members and means to apply axial forces on the ramps to thereby create radial force vectors which maintain the ramps in contact with the shaft even after the nut has become worn.

.Iadd.This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 700,346 filed Feb.13, 1985 which is a continuation of Ser. No. 465,453 filed Feb. 10, 1983which is a reissue of Ser. No. 925,269 filed July 17, 1978, U.S. Pat.No. 4,249,426. .Iaddend.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention is in the field of anti-backlash nuts designed to provideuniform translational movement in either direction along a threadedscrew in response to relative rotational movement between the nut andscrew.

2. Description of the Prior Art

In many applications, it is important to drive an element of a machinealong a screw with accurate positional repeatability and constant dragtorque in the forward and reverse direction. Data printers and x-ytables, used as peripheral equipment in the computer industry, forexample, have such requirements.

Positioning devices designed to meet these requirements have beenproposed, and many of these employ an anti-backlash nut to achieve thepositional accuracy along the screw which is required. Examples of twosuch anti-backlash nut assemblies which have been proposed are describedin the patent literature as follows.

In U.S. Pat. No. 3,656,358, issued to Kopp, a linear positioning deviceis disclosed which is stated to have an improved collar for use with acomparatively inexpensive rod having multiple grooves. The collar istelescoped over and adapted to be translated back and forth relative tothe elongated rod. This collar includes cantilevered fingers which areresiliently wedged into angularly spaced grooves formed in the rod topreload the collar onto the rod and prevent rotational play fromdeveloping between the two. In a specific embodiment, the collar istelescoped onto a rod in the form of a splined shaft while in anotherembodiment, the collar is a nut threaded onto a screw with multiplethreads.

In U.S. Pat. No. 3,997,269, issued to Linley, an anti-backlash,self-aligning nut construction with specially constructed tubular nutbodies which coact with concentric spring sleeves is described. The nutbodies, in general, each have a pair of spring-biased elements providedwith internal thread formations adapted for engagement with the externalthreads of a screw. In one embodiment, a self-aligning spring sleeve isprovided having solely three pairs of oppositely-disposed transverseslots to obtain the desired aligning features. The nut body has a baseportion which is separated from the spring-biased elements by means oftwo transverse slots which, together with an adjacent pair of slots inthe spring sleeve, form in effect a universal joint. One of theremaining slot pairs in the sleeve is oriented circumferentially withrespect to the first pair by an angle of 90°, with a third pair of slotsbeing circumferentially aligned with the first pair.

More recently, an anti-backlash nut having oppositely-directedlongitudinal flexure members has been disclosed in U.S. application Ser.No. 907,518 filed May 19, 1978.Iadd., now U.S. Pat. No.4,210,033.Iaddend.. This anti-backlash nut has a continuous portionextending longitudinally from one end of the screw to the other. Inaddition, there are at least two, and usually more, oppositely-directedlongitudinal flexure members which have one end fixed to theanti-backlash nut and one end free-floating. The oppositely-directedlongitudinal flexure members are biased towards the screw by one or moreradial springs or other means for biasing.

While the anti-backlash nut described in U.S. application Ser. No.907,518 .Iadd.now U.S. Pat. No. 4,210,033 .Iaddend.has proven to be verysuccessful, it sometimes suffers a problem after the threads on the nuthave become worn. This problem relates to the fact that when an axialload is applied to this nut there is an opposite force of reactiondirected towards the inclined surface of the nut thread. Since thissurface of the nut thread is inclined, the force of reaction is brokeninto an axial or longitudinal force vector and a normal force vector.The normal force vector tends to force the nut away from the screw, andin many cases can overcome the normal force towards the screw which iscreated by the radial spring.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to an anti-backlash nut which is designed toundergo translational movement along a shaft, such as an externallythreaded screw or a spline. The nut has a bore with shape which iscomplementary to the external shape of the shaft. In addition, there isat least one, and usually more, longitudinal flexure members which haveone end fixed to the nut and one end free-floating along the shaft. Inone embodiment, each of a plurality of longitudinal flexure members isfixed at the same end of the anti-backlash nut so that they extend inthe same direction. In another embodiment, each of a plurality oflongitudinal flexure members is alternately fixed at opposite ends ofthe nut so that they extend in opposite directions.

The improvement of this invention comprises the provision of ramps onthe free-floating ends of the flexural members together with axialbiasing means for providing an axial preload force on these ramps. Thiscan be conveniently done by mounting an axial compression spring aroundthe nut with a hollow ring mounted at the base of the ramps. The axialcompression spring forces the hollow ring as far up the ramps as ispossible thereby producing radial force vectors which insure that thelongitudinal flexure members maintain good contact with the shaft evenafter the internal structure of the bore of the nut becomes partiallyworn.

Thus, the anti-backlash nut of this invention retains the advantages ofnut described in copending application Ser. No. 907,518 .Iadd.now U.S.Pat. No. 4,210,033 .Iaddend.and, in addition, overcomes normal forcevectors created when an axial load is applied.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating an anti-backlash nut and screwassembly wherein the nut has longitudinal flexural members of the typeheretofore described in the prior art;

FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of the anti-backlash nut illustratedin FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the anti-backlash nut of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a partial diagrammatic view of an anti-backlash nut of FIGS.1-3 showing an enlarged view of the internal thread and illustrating theforce vectors created by the force of reaction to an axial load force;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of one embodiment of an anti-backlash nutaccording to this invention and having two longitudinal flexure membersfixed at the same end of the nut and having ramps at their free-floatingends;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along section line 6--6 in FIG.5;

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view taken along sectional line 7--7 in FIG.6;

FIG. 8 is a partial diagrammatic view of the anti-backlash nut of FIGS.5-7 illustrating the radial force vectors created by the axial pre-loadprovided by a compression spring bearing on the ramps of thelongitudinal flexural members;

FIG. 9 is a perspective view illustrating an alternative embodiment ofan anti-backlash nut according to this invention in which the nut has acontinuous circumferential portion at one end only and threelongitudinal flexure members extending therefrom with ramped portions attheir free-floating ends;

FIG. 10 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the anti-backlash nutof FIG. 9 taken along sectional line 10--10;

FIG. 11 is an end view of the anti-backlash nut of FIGS. 9 and 10 takenalong site line 11--11 in FIG. 10; and,

FIGS. 12 and 13 are side elevation views of still further embodiments oframped flexural members according to this invention.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

This invention can be further described by referring to the Figures inmore detail.

FIGS. 1-3 illustrate an anti-backlash nut assembly as described incopending application Ser. No. 816,983 .Iadd.now abandoned.Iaddend..Thus, it can be seen in FIG. 1 that this assembly has an externallythreaded screw 10 having thereon an anti-backlash nut 12. Anti-backlashnut 12 has a faceplate 14 integrally attached to it and containing threeequally spaced attachment holes so that an element to be driven can beeasily attached to nut 12 by bolting it thereto. As relative rotationalmovement occurs between screw 10 and nut 12, nut 12 undergoestranslational movement along screw 10 and thus drives the elementfastened to it in a longitudinal direction. If the relative rotationalmovement is then reversed, such as by rotating screw 10 in the oppositedirection, nut 12 undergoes translational movement in the reverselongitudinal direction. As stated previously, it is quite oftenimportant to achieve highly accurate positioning of nut 12 in bothlongitudinal directions in response to the same degree of rotation ofscrew 10.

Some of the design features of anti-backlash nut 12 can be more clearlyseen in FIGS. 2 and 3. Therein, it can be seen that continuous portion16 extends from one end to the other of nut 12 in the longitudinaldirection. The extent to which continuous portion 16 extendscircumferentially will vary depending upon the exact application foranti-backlash nut 12, but is chosen to provide sufficient flexuralstiffness while still allowing for relief of screw threadinconsistencies without significant binding.

Anti-backlash nut 12 has three oppositely-directed longitudinal flexuremembers 18, 20 and 22. Flexure members 18 and 22 are each fixed at oneend of anti-backlash nut 12, that being the end to which faceplate 14 isattached. Flexure member 20, on the other hand, is fixed at the oppositeend of nut 12. Each of flexure members 18, 20 and 22 extendlongitudinally for a substantial length and are free-floating at theirunfixed ends. They could, of course, be shorter or longer thanillustrated.

Radial springs 24 and 26 are positioned in slots 28 and 30,respectively, extending around the periphery of anti-backlash nut 12.The purpose of radial springs 24 and 26 is to bias flexure members 18,20 and 22 towards screw 10 so that good contact is always maintainedbetween the external thread on screw 10 and the complementary internalthreads on flexure members 18, 20 and 22 and continuous portion 16.

While anti-backlash nut 12 illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 has proven highlysuccessful, it does suffer some problems which can occur under certainconditions. For example, it can be appreciated that radial springs 24and 26 contribute directly to the adverse condition of frictional drag.Because of this, it is necessary to maintain this radial preload createdto a minimum value by employing radial springs 24 and 26 which haverelatively low spring constants.

FIG. 4 is a partial diagrammatic view of longitudinal flexure member 20and illustrates one problem which can occur under high axial loading ofnut 12. In response to an axial load applied, which may be due toinertial affects or system drag, there is a force of reaction whichbears on the thread form of element 20. Since this force of reactionbears on an inclined surface of the thread, it is split into alongitudinal force vector and a normal force vector. Unfortunately, thenormal force vector acts to oppose the radial force vector applied byradial spring 24 or 26. In cases where the axial load is high relativeto the radial force applied by springs 24 and 26, the normal forcevector of the reaction force can entirely overcome the radial force ofspring 24 or 26. When this condition occurs, flexure member 20 is forcedaway from the screw thread and the intimate contact necessary for properoperation of the anti-backlash nut 12 is lost.

It should also be noted that as the thread on flexure element 20 wears,the intimate contact will also be lost.

FIGS. 5-7 illustrate one embodiment of an improved anti-backlash nut 50which overcomes the aforementioned problems. Anti-backlash nut 50 has afaceplate 52 which contains equally spaced attachment holes so that anelement to be driven along a screw can be attached to nut 50, such as bybolting it thereto. Anti-backlash nut 50 has a circumferentiallycontinuous portion 54 at its faceplate end and a circumferentiallycontinuous portion 56 at its opposite end. Additionally, it contains twolongitudinal continuous portions 58 and 60 which are located directlyacross from each other on opposite sides of the screw which extendsthrough the bore 62 of anti-backlash nut 50.

Anti-backlash nut 50 has two longitudinal flexure members 64 and 66,each of which is fixed at the faceplate end of nut 50 and free-floatingat the opposite end. Longitudinal flexure members 64 and 66 have ramps68 and 70, respectively, positioned at the outer surface of theirfree-cloating ends. Ramps 68 and 70 are shown to have an incline ofabout 20° degrees, but can have a wide range of slopes depending uponthe length of the flexure members, the particular application involved,etc.

Axial spring 72 is mounted around anti-backlash nut 50 and held incompression between faceplate 52 and ring member 74 which is located atthe base of ramps 68 and 70. As can be appreciated, ring 74 will slideup ramps 68 and 70 as far as possible under the axial force supplied byspring 72.

FIG. 8 illustrates the force vectors created by the combination of ramps68 and 70, axial spring 72, and ring 74. Because axial spring 72 is heldin compression, it creates an axial pre-load which bears longitudinallyon ring 74. This force is transmitted by ring 74 to the inclinedsurfaces of ramps 68 and 70, which convert part of the axial pre-loadforce into a radial force vector which opposes the normal reaction-forcevector tending to force the longitudinal flexure members 64 and 66 awayfrom the thread of the screw. It should also be noted that, as theinternal thread of anti-backlash nut 50 wears, longitudinal flexuremembers 64 and 66 are maintained in intimate contact with the thread ofthe screw because of the radial force vectors created by the combinationof names with the axial compression spring.

FIGS. 9-11 illustrate an alternative embodiment of an anti-backlash nut80 according to this invention. In these figures, elements which are thesame as elements in FIGS. 5-7 have been given same numerals.

Anti-backlash nut 80 has only one continuous circumferential portion 54,which is located at its face-plate end. At the opposite end, there is nocircumferentially continuous portion.

Three longitudinal flexure members 82, 84 and 86 are fixed to nut 80 atthe faceplate end, but are free-floating at their opposite ends.Longitudinal flexure members 82, 84 and 86 have ramps 88, 90 and 92,respectively, at the outside surface of their free-floating ends.Additionally, each of ramps 88, 90 and 92 terminate in circumferentiallyplanar surfaces 94, 96 and 98, respectively, each of which have a largercircumferential diameter than the rest of anti-backlash nut 80.

Anti-backlash nut 80 operates in a similar manner to anti-backlash nut50 previously described, except for the difference in the longitudinalflexure members. The axial compression spring 72 still applies an axialload to ring 74 which slides up ramps 88, 90 and 92 as far as it can.The axial pre-load force is then broken down by ramps 88, 90 and 92 intoits various vectors, one of which is a radial force vector whichmaintains each of longitudinal flexure members 82, 84 and 86 in intimatecontact with the screw extending through the bore of anti-backlash nut80.

It will be recognized, of course, that the anti-backlash nut of thisinvention can have any number of longitudinal flexural elements. Inaddition, these elements can be fixed at the same end of theanti-backlash nut or fixed in an alternate fashion, or otherwise, atopposite ends thereof.

It should also be recognized that the term "ramps" is used herein in itsmost generic sense. It is not limited to a surface having a linear slopeor curve. In fact, it is believed that ramps with any linear or higherorder curve, such as a paralolic curve, or any combination of these, maybe suitable. Examples of other embodiments or ramps having differentsurfaces thereon are shown in FIGS. 12 and 13.

In FIG. 12, flexural member 100 is illustrated with external thread 102on the inner wall of its bore. Ramp 104 has a curved surface 106thereon. This can be an advantage in some cases since it tends to applyless force in the radial direction when the anti-backlash nut is new,and more force in the radial direction as the anti-backlash nut wearsduring its life.

In FIG. 13, flexural element 110 has a spline-matching surface 112thereon. Ramp 114 has an operative surface formed from three linearsurfaces, 116, 118, and 120, which have decreasing slopes. Thus, moreradial force is applied by surface 118 than surface 116, and stillfurther radial force is applied by surface 120.

The anti-backlash nuts described herein can be fabricated to form a widevariety of materials including many metals and polymeric compositions.Preferred materials are polymeric compositions which have low frictionand are self-lubricating. An example of such a polymeric composition isself-lubricating polyacetal.

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain usingno more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specificcomponents, elements, steps, materials, etc., described herein. Suchequivalents are intended to be covered by the following appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. In an anti-backlash nut designed to move along ascrew in either of two longitudinal directions, said nut .[.including.]..Iadd.comprising a nut body with .Iaddend.one or more longitudinalflexure members having one end fixed .Iadd.to said nut body .Iaddend.andone end free-floating:the improvement comprising providing.[.upwardly.]. inclined ramps on the exterior of the free-floating endsof said longitudinal flexure members .Iadd.said ramps extending radiallyoutwardly in a direction away from the fixed end .Iaddend.and means forapplying an axial force to each of said ramps, said axial force beingsubstantially constant in either direction of motion of said nut.
 2. Ananti-backlash nut designed to undergo bidirectional translationalmovement along a screw having an external thread thereon in response torelative rotational movement between the anti-backlash nut and screw,said nut having an internal thread complementary to the external threadon said screw and said nut comprising, in combination:a. one or morelongitudinal flexure members having one end fixed .Iadd.to said nut.Iaddend.and one end free-floating, said longitudinal flexure membershaving .[.an upwardly.]. inclined .[.ramp.]. .Iadd.ramps .Iaddend.ontheir outer surfaces.Iadd., said ramps extending radially outwardly in adirection away from the fixed end.Iaddend., and, b. means for directlyapplying an axial force to the .[.ramp.]. .Iadd.ramps .Iaddend.on eachof said flexure members which axial force is converted by the angle ofthe .[.ramp.]. .Iadd.ramps .Iaddend.to a radial force which urges theflexure members inwardly whereby the internal thread of said flexuremembers is maintained in close contact with the external thread of saidscrew regardless of which direction the nut travels on the thread.
 3. Ananti-backlash nut of claim 2 wherein said nut has a circumferentiallycontinuous portion at one end thereof.
 4. An anti-backlash nut of claim3 wherein said means for applying an axial force comprises an axialcompression spring .Iadd.abutting a hollow member coaxially disposednear the base of the inclined ramps for movement along the ramps as theflexure members are flexed radially inwardly upon wear of screw or nutthreads.Iaddend..
 5. An anti-backlash nut of claim 4 wherein saidanti-backlash nut has a plurality of longitudinal flexure members with aramp at their free-floating ends.
 6. An anti-backlash nut of claim 5wherein each of said plurality of longitudinal flexure members is fixedat the same end of said anti-backlash nut.
 7. An anti-backlash nut ofclaim 5 wherein said anti-backlash nut has a circumferentiallycontinuous portion at both ends thereof.
 8. An anti-backlash nut ofclaim 7 wherein each of said longitudinal flexure members is fixed atthe same end of said anti-backlash nut.
 9. An anti-backlash nut of claim7 wherein said longitudinal flexure members are alternately fixed atopposite ends of said nut.
 10. An anti-backlash nut for translationalong a shaft, comprising, in combination:a. one or more longitudinalflexure members having one end fixed .Iadd.to said nut .Iaddend.and oneend free-floating, said longitudinal flexure members having an.[.upwardly.]. inclined ramp on their outer surfaces.Iadd., said rampextending radially outwardly in a direction away from the fixedend.Iaddend.; b. spring means coaxial to said flexure members forapplying an axial force to the ramp on each of said flexure members; c.an internal structure on said flexure members complementary to theexternal structure of said shaft; and, d. said ramp having more than oneangle of inclination whereby the axial force applied to said ramp may bevaried as the internal structure of the flexure members engages with theexternal structure of said shaft. .Iadd.
 11. The nut of claim 1 whereinthe means for applying an axial force comprises a spring member mountedcoaxial to said longitudinal flexure members between said nut body and ahollow member coaxially mounted about said flexure members near the baseof said ramps. .Iaddend.